who brought her body from Peterborough and gave her a tomb even more
magnificent than that which he had erected for his cousin Elizabeth.I.
In the same aisle lies Henry YII’s mother, Margaret Beaufort, Countess
of Richmond. Her effigy, a bronze by Torrigiani, shows her in old age.
She was known for her charitable works and for her intellect - she founded
Christ’s and St John’s Colleges at Cambridge - and these activities are
recorded in the inscription composed by Erasmus. Also in this aisle is
the tomb of Margaret, Countess of Lennox.
THE CHAPEL OF ST EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, containing his shrine, lies
east of the Sanctuary at the heart of the Abbey. It is closed off from the
west by a stone screen, probably of fifteenth-century date, carved with
scenes from the life of Edward the Confessor; it is approached from the
east via a bridge from the Henry YII Chapel.
The shrine seen today within the chapel is only a ghost of its former
self. It originally had three parts: a stone base decorated with Cosmati
work, a gold feretory containing the saint’s coffin, a canopy above which
could be raised to reveal the feretory or lowered to protect it. Votive
offerings of gold and jewels were given to enrich the feretory over the
centuries. To this shrine came many pilgrims, and the sick were frequently
left beside it overnight in the hope of a cure. All this ceased at the
Reformation The shrine was dismantled and stored by the monks; the gold
feretory was taken away from them, but they were allowed to rebury the
saint elsewhere in the Abbey.
It was during the reign of Mary I that a partial restoration of the
shrine took place. The stone base was re-assembled, the coffin was placed,
in the absence of a feretory, in the top part of the stone base and the
canopy positioned on top. The Chapel has a Cosmati floor, similar to that
before the High Altar, and a blank space in the design shows where the
shrine once stood; it also indicates that the shrine was originally
raised up on a platform, making the canopy visible beyond the western
screen. The canopy of the shrine has recently been restored, and hopefully
one day the rest of the shrine will also be restored.
And within the chapel can be seen the Coronation Chair and the tombs
of five kings and four queens. At the eastern end is the tomb and Chantey
Chapel of Henry Y, embellished with carvings including scenes of
Henry Y’s coronation. The effigy of the king once had a silver head and
silver regalia, and was covered in silver regalia, and was covered in
silver gilt, but this precious metal was stolen in 1546.
Eleanor of Castle, first wife of Edward I, lies beside the
Chapel. Her body was carried to Westminster from Lincoln, a memorial
cross being erected at each place where the funeral procession rested.
Beside her lies Henry III, responsible for the rebuilding of the
Abbey, in a tomb of Purbeck marble. Next to his tomb is that of Edward I.
Richard II and Anne of Bohemia, Edward III and Philippa of Hainnault, and
Catherine de Valois, Henry Y’s Queen, also lie in this chapel.
THE SOUTH TRANSEPT is lit by a large rose window, with glass dating
from 1902. Beneath it, in the angles above the right and left arches, are
two of the finest carvings in the Abbey, depicting sensing angels. In
addition to the many monuments there are two fine late thirteen-century
wall-paintings, uncovered in 1936, to be seen by the door leading into St
Faith’s Chapel. They depict Christ showing his wounds to Doubting Thomas,
and St Christopher. Beside the south wall rises the dormer staircase, once
used by the monks going from their dormitory to the Choir for their
night offices.
POET’S CORNER
One of the most well-known parts of Westminster Abbey, Poet’s
Corner can be found in the south Transept. It was not originally designated
as the burial place of writers, playwrights and poets; the first poet to be
buried here, Geoffrey Chaucer, was laid to rest in Westminster Abbey
because he had been Clerk of Works to the Palace of Westminster, not
because he had written the Canterbury Tales. However, the inscription over
his grave, placed there by William Caxton - the famous printer whose press
was just beyond the transept wall - mentioned that he was a poet.
Over 150 years later, during the flowering of English
literature in the sixteenth century, a more magnificent tomb was erected
to Chaucer by Nicholas Brigham and in 1599 Edmund Spencer was laid to rest
nearby. These two tombs began a tradition which developed over succeeding
centuries.
Burial or commemoration in the abbey did not always occur at or
soon after the time of death - many of those whose monuments now stand here
had to wait a number of years for recognition; Byron, for example, whose
lifestyle caused a scandal although his poetry was much admired, died in
1824 but was finally given a memorial only in 1969. Even Shakespeare,
buried at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1616, had to wait until 1740 before a
monument, designed by William Kent, appeared in Poet’s Corner. Other poets
and writers, well-known in their own day, have now vanished into obscurity,
with only their monuments to show that they were once famous.
Conversely, many whose writings are still appreciated today have
never been memorialised in Poet’s Corner, although the reason may not
always be clear. Therefore a resting place or memorial in Poet’s Corner
should perhaps not be seen as a final statement of a writer or poet’s
literary worth, but more as a reflection of their public standing at the
time of death - or as an indication of the fickleness of Fate.
Some of the most famous to lie here, in addition to those detailed
on the next two pages include BenJonson, John Dryden, Alfred, Lord
Tennyson, Robert Browning and John Masefield, among the poets, and William
Camden, Dr Samuel Johnson, Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray,
Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Rudyard Kipling and Thomas Hardy among the
writers.
Charles Dickens’s grave attracts particular interest. As a writer
who drew attention to the hardships born by the socially deprived and who
advocated the abolition of the slave trade, he won enduring fame and
gratitude and today, more than 110 years later, a wreath is still laid on
his tomb on the anniversary of his death each year.
Those who have memorials here, although they are buried elsewhere,
include among the poets John Milton, William Wordworth, Thomas Gray, John
Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Robert Burns, William Blake, T.S. Eliot and
among the writers Samuel Butler, Jane Austen, Oliver Goldsmith, Sir Walter
Scott, John Ruskin, Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte and Henry James.
By no means all those buried in the South Transept are poets or
writers, however. Several of Westminster’s former Deans, Archdeacons,
Prebendaries and Canons lie here, as do John Keble, the historian Lord
Macaulay, actors David Garrick, Sir Henry Irving and Mrs Hannah Pritchard,
and, among many others, Thomas Parr, who was said to be 152 years of age
when he died in 1635, having seen ten sovereigns on the throne during his
long life.
CORONATIONS IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY
Coronation have taken place at Westminster since at least 1066, when
William the Conqueror arrived in London after his victory at the battle of
Hastings. Whether or not Harold, his predecessor as monarch, had been
crowned in Edward the Confessor’s Abbey is uncertain - coronations do not
seem to have had a fixed location before 1066, though several monarchs
were crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames, where the King’s Stone still exists
- but William was determined to reinforce his victory, which gave him the
right to rule by conquest, with the sacred hallowing of his sovereignty
which the coronation ceremony would give him. He was crowned in the old
Abbey - then recently completed and housing Edward the Confessor’s body-
on Christmas Day 1066.
The service to-day has four parts: first comes the Introduction
,consisting of: the entry of the Sovereign into the Abbey; the formal
recognition of the right of the Sovereign to rule - when the Archbishop
presents the Sovereign to the congregation and asks them if they agree to
the service proceeding, and they respond with an assent; the oath, when
the Sovereign promises to respect and govern in accordance with the lows
of his or her subjects and to uphold the Protestant reformed Church of
England and Scotland; and the presentation of the Bible to the Sovereign,
to be relied on as the source of all wisdom and low. Secondly, the
Sovereign is anointed with holy oil, seated on the Coronation Chair.
Thirdly, the Sovereign is invested with the royal robes and insignia, then
crowned with St Edward’s crown. The final ceremony consists of the
enthronement of the Sovereign on a throne placed on a raised platform,
bringing him or her into full view of the assembled company for the first
time, and there he or she receives the homage of the Lords Spiritual, the
Lords Temporal and the congregation, representing the people of the realm.
The service has changed little - English replaced Latin as the main
language used during the ceremony following Elizabeth Ist coronation, and
from 1689 onwards the coronation ceremony has been set within a service of
Holy Communion although indeed this was a return to ancient custom rather
than the creation of a new precedent).
Coronations have not always followed an identical pattern. Edward
YI, for example, was crowned no less than three times, with three
different crowns placed in turn upon his head; while at Charles I’s
coronation there was a misunderstanding and, instead of the congregational
assent following the Recognition Question, there was dead silence, the
congregation having finally to be told to respond - an ill omen for the
future, as it turned out. Charles II’s coronation, following on the
greyness of the puritan Commonwealth, was a scene of brilliant colour and
great splendour. As the old regalia had been destroyed, replacements were
made for the ceremony, and the clergy were robed in rich red copes - the
same copes are still used in the Abbey
George IY saw his coronation as an opportunity for a great
theatrical spectacle and spent vast sums of money on it. He wore an auburn
wig with ringlets, with a huge plumed hat on top, and designed his own
robes for the procession into the Abbey. After the coronation, because
Queen Caroline had been forcibly excluded from the ceremony, the crowds in
the streets were extremely hostile to him and he had to return to Carlton
House by an alternative route.
In complete contrast, William IY took a lot of persuading before he
would agree to have a coronation at all, and the least possible amount
of money was spent no it - giving it the name the «penny coronation».
Despite his dislike of extravagant show and ceremony, he still brought a
slightly theatrical touch to the scene by living up to his nickname of the
«sailor king» and appearing , when disrobed for the Anointing, in the full-
dress uniform of an Admiral of the Fleet.
The last three coronations have demonstrated continuing respect
for the religious significance of the ceremony and recognition of the
importance of such a public declaration by Sovereign of his or her personal
dedication to the service of the people.
At the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 , for the first time
the service was televised and millions of her subjects could see and hear
the ceremony taking place. It is possible that few watching realised just
how far back into history the roots of that historic ceremony starched, and
how little fundamental change had occurred over the centuries.
LIST OF WORDS
mention упоминание
stock хранилище
masterpiece шедевр
mankind человечество
satisfy удовлетворять
aesthetic эстетический
to be in touch with быть в контакте с
script рукопись
humdrum суета
acquire обретать
rank among быть в ряду с
tаke up поглощать
stretch простираться
arrangement расположение
fabulous сказочный
span миг, пролет
applied art прикладное искусство
enamel эмаль
lace кружево
ivory слоновая кость
excavation раскопки
scope размах
accessible доступный
merchant купец
purchase покупка
favourable благоприятный
due to the care благодаря заботе
fill up заполнять
gap пробел
deficiencies недостаток
accumulation накопление
at smb’s disposal в чьем-либо распоряжении
portraiture портретная
живопись
landscape пейзаж
potteryware фарфор
possess обладать
vanquish преодолевать
presumably вероятно
gain получать
vividness очевидность
merge граничить
ascribe приписывать
WORD OF LIST
reflect отражать
spirit дух
permanent постоянный
rapidly быстро
intrinsic присущий
amass собирать
hereby при сем
distinctive очевидный
intend намереваться
palatial дворцовый
carry out осуществлять
substitute заменять
scheme схема
throng трон
lavish щедрый
wing крыло
lay out располагать
ill-fated несчастливый
attempt попытка
mulberry tree шелковица
dignity достоинство
suitor поклонник
eccentrisity эксцентричность
remedy лекарство
chain of fortification цепь укреплений
access доступ
proximity близость
timber строевой лес
alteration перемена,
изменение
improvement улучшение
reddent of chivalry носитель рыцарства
non-metropolitan нестоличный
austerity строгость
sequence последовательность
wainscot обшивка
inspiration вдохновение
marble мрамор
association ассоциация
inherit наследовать
apogee апогей
reorient переориентировать
legitimate законный
descendant потомок
spiritual духовный
inlaid инкрустированный
depict описывать,
отражать
disuse неупотребление
subsequent последовательный
monk монах
consecration посвящение
burial погребение
demolish разрушать
shrine храм
reerect перестроить
clumsy неуклюжий
fan-vaulting веерный свод
predecessor предшественник
buttress опора
underneath под
grave могила
chaplain капеллан
confer присуждать
bequeath завещать
intricate сложный
embelish украшать
effigy портрет
regalia регалия
depict отражать
dormitory спальня
commemoration память
occur at иметь место в
vanished исчезнувший
obsqurity препятствие
deprive лишать
abolition уничтожение
reinforce укреплять
conquest завоевание
sovereignty монархия
accordance соответствие
insignia знаки различия
congregation община
realm власть
EXERCISES
I. Choose the correct definition to the following:
1. take up a) careful study or
investigation, esp.in order to
discover nnew facts or information
2. due to sth or sb b)to become or make sth completely
full
2. fill up c)to fill or occupy an amount of space or
time
3. research on d)caused by sth,sb; because of sth,sb.
4. carry out e)to do sth,as required or
specified; to fulfil sth.
Exercise II. Make all the changes necessary to produce five sentences:
I. /The collections/ are distributed/ and/ possessed/ by/ among/
departments/ over forty/ exhibition/ the museum/ its/ permanent/ seven/.
2. /An important/ the museum/ part/ is taken by/ collection/ among/ the
numismatic/ possessions/.
3./The aquisitionn of complete/of individual works/ in the 19th/ the
previous/ century/ period/ was continued/ but/ collections/ of art/ and/
on a more modest scale/ during/ than/.
4. /The Hermitage/ section/ of the very/ on the Continent/ contains/ for /
pictures/ is/ which/ a special/ few/ English/ one/.
4. /Joshua Reynolds/ all/ in/ by/ is/ 1780s/ represented/ the/ canvases/
painted/ four/.
Exercise III.Fill in the blanks with the following pronouns:
in of from on by
1. The collection has no paintings __ William Hogarth, but some __ his
prints selected ___ a large and representative collection possessed __
the Museum are usually ___ show.
2. The State Hermitage __ St Petersburg ranks among the world’s most
outstanding art museums.
3. The Museum numbers among its treasures monuments __ ancient Greece and
Rome and those__ the Greek settlements __ the North coast __ the Black
Sea.
4. Most helpful __ the Museum’s research work is the Hermitage Library.
5. It is open to every student __ art.
6. A number __ 17th -18th century works are __ show too.
Exercise I. Choose the correct sentence:
1. a/ The Tretiakov Gallery was founded by a Russian painter - Tretiakov.
b/The Tretiakov Gallery was founded by a Moscow merchant and art
patron - Tretiakov.
2. a/The Gallery’s centenary was widely celebrated throughout Russia in
June 1956.
b/The Gallery’s centenary was widely celebrated throughout Russia in
May 1856.
3. a/The Gallery’s collection has grown considerably in the years since the
Revolution.
b/The Gallery’s collection has not grown since the Revolution.
4. a/The early Russian Art department and the collections of sculpture and
drawings were constant.
b/The early Rassian Art department and the collections of scylpture and
drawings were enlarged.
5. a/Tretiakov spent his life collecting the works of Russian painters.
b/Tretiakov spent 10 years collecting the works of Russiann painters.
Exercise II. Read the informatuion about the Tretiakov Gallery and answer
the following questions:
I. Is the Tretiakov Gallery one of the best-known picture galleries of the
world? Why?
2.What do you know about the history of the Tretiakov Gallery?
3.Who was it founded by?
4.When and how did Tretiakov begin his collection?
5.Did he collect antique icons?
6.He was on friendly terms with many progressive, democratic Russian
painters, wasn’t he?
7.Why did his collection grow rapidly?
8.What pictures do you know from the Tretiakov Gallery?
9.What do you know about the Tretiakov Gallery’s collection of
«Peredvizniki»?
10.What were the first pictures of Tretiakov’s collection?
Exercise I. Choose the correct word to complete the sentence:
1. Buckingham Palace is the official /residence,home/ of the Her Majesty
The Queen.
2. The Queen’s House was gradually /ruined, modernised/.
3. John Nash had rightly /predicted,promised/ that the Palace would prove
too small, but this was a fault capable of remedy.
4. In 1847 the architect Edward Blore /added, took away/ the East front.
5. It /isn’t, is/ the centre of a large office complex.
6. The business of monarchy /sometimes, never/ stops.
7. Buckingham Palace became the /administrative, juriditial/ centre of the
monarchy.
8. Buckingham Palace /is, was/ built for Jihn, first Duke of Buckingham,
between 1702 and 1705.
9. The director of the Royal Collection is /responsible, look after/ for
one of the finest collections of works of art in the world.
10. The Royal collection is a vast assemblage of works of art of all
/sizes, kinds/
Exercise II. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and
expressions and use them in your own sentences:
1.potent symbols 2.carry out 3.suitor 4.predict
5.coronation
6.ill-fated 7.dignity 8.eccentricity 9.accredit 10.require
Exercise I. True or false?
1. Windsor Castle is the youngest royal residence.
2. The Castle covers an area of nearly 30 acres.
3. The Castle was founded by William the Conqueror in 1080.
4. Norman castles were built to a special plan.
5. Queen Victoria spent the smallest part of a year at Windsor.
6. St George’s Chapel is the spiritual home of of the Prodder of the
Garter,Britain’s senior Order of Chivalry.
7. Windsor is only the place of beauty without any functions.
8. St George is the patron saint of the Order.
9. The Valley Gardens are open only in summer.
10. The vaulted ceiling of the Albert Memorial Chapel is decorated in gold
mosaic by Antonio Salviati.
Exercise II. Fill in the blanks with the correct tense forms of the
verbs in brackets:
In many ways Windsor Castle ____(enjoy) its apogee in the reign of
Queen Victoria. She ____ (spend) the largest portion of every year at
Windsor, and in her reign it ____(enjoy) the position of principal palace
of the British monarchy and the focus of the British Empire as well as
nearly the whole of the royal Europe. The Castle____(visit) by heads of
state from all over the world and ___(be) the scene of a series of splendid
state ____ (use) for their original purpose by royal guests.
Exercise III.
Retell the text about St George’s Chapel using the following:
spiritual home; founded by; medieval style; to bury; represented by.
Exercise I. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and
expressions from
the text about Westminster Abbey and use them in sentences of your own:
1.reerect 2. clumsy 3.grave 4. intricate 5.the domer staircase 6.
Commemoration 7.
abolition 8. conquest 9. congregation 10. an auburn wig
Exercise II. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions:
of on from for by
1.Westminster Abbey is one __ the most famous, historic and widely
visited churches not only ___ Britain but ___ the whole Christian world.
2.___ 1920 the body ___ another unknown soldier was brought back ___ the
battlefields to be reburied ___ the Abbey ___ 11 November.
3.The Henry YII Chapel, beyond the apse, was begun ___ 1503 as a bural
place ___ Henry YII, ___ the orders ___ Henry YII, but it was Henry YII
himself who was finally buried here, ___ an elaborate tomb.
4.At the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II ___1953 ,___ the first time
the service was televised and millions ___ her subjects could see and hear
the ceremony taking place.
5.The last three coronations have demonstrated continuing respect ___ the
religious significance ___ ceremony and recognition ___ the importance ___
such a public declaration ___ sovereign ___ his or her personal dedication
to the service ___ the people.
Exercise III. Answer the following questions:
1.Why is Westminster Abbey so popular not only in Britain but in the whole
world?
2.When was the Lady Chapel rebuilt as the magnificent Henry YII Chapel?
3.The Nave was begun by Abbot Litlington, wasn’t it?
4.What was originally the part of the Abbey where the monks worshiped?
5.Where does the High Altar stand?
6.Who was the first poet buried in the Abbey?
7.What do you know about processes of coronation today?
8.Have coronations always followed an identical pattern?
9.Who was crowened no less than three times?
10.What was special in the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II?
WORLD’S PAINTERS
Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519, an Italian painter
Manet 1832-1883,a French painter
Michelangelo 1475-1564,an Italian
sculptor,painter,poet
Millet 1814-1875,a French painter
Monet 1840-1926,a French painter
Murillo 1617-1682,a Spanish painter
Phidias 5th cent.BC,a Greek sculptor
Pissaro 1830-1903, a French painter
Potter 1625-1654,a Dutch painter
Raphael 1483-1520,an Italian painter
Rembrandt 1606-1669,a Dutch painter
Reynolds 1841-1919,an English painter
Roerich 1874-1947,a Russian painter
Rubens 1577-1640,a Flemish painter
Sargent 1856-1925,an American painter
Scott,Gilbert 1811-1878,an English architect
Show, Norman 1831-1912,an English architect
Titan 1477-1576,an Italian painter
Turner 1775-1881,an English landscape painter
Van Der Helst 1613-1676,aDutch portrait painter
Van Gogh 1853-1890,a Dutch painter
Vasari 1511-1571,an Italian painter and art
historian
Velasques 1599-1660,a Spanish painter
Whistler 1834-1903,an American painter
Zurbaran 1598-1662,a Spanish painter
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