Òåìû ê çà÷¸òó ïî àíãë.ÿçûêó (15 ìàÿ 2007ã.):
1. Renaissance.
2. William Shakespeare.
3. Shakespeare\'s works and Hamlet\'s soliloguy.
4. Enlightment.
5. Daniel Defoe.
6. “Robinson Crusoe”.
7. Jonathan Swift.
8. “Gulliver\'s Travels”.
9. Robert Burns.
1.The Renaissance.
The Renaissance or the revival of learning was the period then european
culture was at it\'s high. It lasted from the 14\'th centure till 17\'th
centure, and was coursed by complex economic situation and social
conditions. The feudal system was been shuttled by the bourgeoisie, thich
was getting stronger and stronger. It was more profitable to unite under a
single rouler. Absolute monacy came into being. This lead to the forming
of nations and the true sense of the world. New social and economic
conditions called for the new ideology, because the catholic dogmas didn\'t
correspond to the new trend of life. For this reason in many european
countries the protestant religion sprend up and national churches were
established.
Instead of the blind face ordered by the catholic then appeared a new
outlook which was called humanism. The time demanded positive recional
knowledge and this demand was supplied: in astronomy by Copernicus, in
philosophy by Tomas More, in geography by Columbus, Vaska de Gama and
others. Leonardo de Vinci was force a new feory of art: “It was the
greatest progressive revolution that mankind have so far experience, a
time, thich called for “Giants” and produced Giants in power and thought,
passion and character in universality and language.”
An example of a typical men of the Renaissance period was: the famous
Englishmen sir Walter Raleigh, he was a soldier, sailor, explorer, pirate,
coloniser, historian, thilosother and a poet. He was much interested in
science and literature. He wrote works of geography and lead expedition to
South America. He was an outstanding poet. His poems are full of profound
wisdom, written with great elegance and salacity of style. He organised of
“academy”. Christother Marlowe the greatest dramatist (before Shakespear).
But the most important of most this writer and one of the greatest men of
this period was sir Thomas More.
Thomas More.
He came into great favour and made a repid carrier as a statesmen, at the
same time writing works of a political, philosophical and historical
character. His most famous book is “Utopie”. “Utopie” - means “no place,
no there”. The work is writing in latin and devided into two books. Thomas
More was the first writer in Europe to formulate communist principals as a
bases of society.
The Renaisense in England.
The prideses of Shakespeare.
The most brilliant period of English literature was in the second half of
the 16\'th and begining of 17\'th centure.Sometimes it\'s called “Elizabethen
age” after quen Elizabeth 5. England had become a geat world power. It had
established wide commercial contact with countries And rich trading
company had been organaized. The english people were now a great nation
and the english language inriched was now not unlike the language of
Chaucer. Many famous poetical and prose works appeared. Among those who
inriched the literary haritage of this period ere sir Philip Sydney,
Adnond Spenser and Christother Marlowe. There were fine works of poetry
and prose in the Elizabethen age but the greatest hight\'s of literature of
this period were riached in drama.
2. Life of Shakespeare.
The great poet and dramatist William Shakespeare is often called by his
people “Our National Bard”, “The Immortal. Poet of nature” and “The Great
Unknown”. More than two hundred contemporary references to Shakespeare
have been located amoung church records, legal records, documents in the
Public Record Office, and miscellaneous repositories. When these owe
assembled, we have at least the sceleton out line of his life, begining
with his baptist on April 26, 1564, in Trinity Churche, Stratford-on-Avon,
and ending with his burial there on April 25, 1616. Shakespeare native
place was Sratford-on-Avon, a little town in Warwickshive, which is
generally described as beign in the middle of England.
Shakespeare\'s father, John, was a prosperious glove maker of Stratford
who, after holding minor municipal offices, was elected high bailiff of
Stratford. Shakespeare\'s mother Mary Arden, came from an affluent family
of landowners.
Shakespeare probably recieved his early education at the exellent
Stratford Grammar School, supervised by an Oxford graduate, where he would
have learned Latin smattering of Greek.
In 1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, who lived in a neighboring
hamlet. The first child born to Ann and William was their daughter
Susanna. In about two years Ann bore him twins a boy and a girl, Hamlet
and Jidith.
Then life in Stratford became intolerable for William Shakespeare and he
dicided to go to London and began a theatrical career. Shakespeare major
activity lay in the field of drama. He became a full shaveholder in his
acting company, he was partowner of “the Globe” theatre and later of “the
Blackfriars” theatre, and in 1597 he purchased property in Strarford.
Including new place, one of the largest houses in the town. He probably
refired there about 1610, travelling of London when necessary to take cave
of his theatrical business. In all, 154 sonnets seguence. The sonnets were
probably written in the 1590 but were first published in 1609.
3. Shakespeare\'s works.
Shakespeare\'s literary work is usually divided into three periods. The
first period of his creative work falls between 1590 and 1600.
Shakespeare\'s comedies belong to the first period of his creativ work.
They all are written in his playfull manner and and in the brilliant
poetry that conveys the spectator to Italy. Some of the first plays of the
first period are: “Richard 3” (1592), “The comedy of errors” (1592),
“Romeo and Juliet” (1594), “Julius Caesar” (1599), “As you like it”
(1599), 1600 - “Twelth night”. Shakespe-are\'s poems are also attributed to
the first period, “Venus and Adonis” and “Lucrece”, and 154 sonnets.
“Venus and Adonis” was the first of Shakespeare\'s works that came off the
press. The second period of Shakespeare\'s creative work during from 1600
to 1608. His famous tragedies appeared at this time. In the plays of this
period the dramatist reaches his full maturity. He presents great humans
problems. His tragedies and historical plays made Shakespeare the greatest
humanist of the English Renaissanse. Some plays of the second period: 1601
- “Hamlet”, 1604 - “Othello”.
Shakespeare\'s plays of the third period are called the “Romantic dramas”.
There is no tragic tension in these plays. This period lasted from 1609
till 1612.
1609 - “Cymbeline”, 1610 - “The Winters Tale”, 1612 - “Henry 8”.
Hamlet\'s soliloguy.
To be, or not to be, that is the question:
Whether tis nobler in the mind to sufler.
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing and then. To die, to sleep -
No more, and by a sleep to say we end
The heart - ache, and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is hear to; `tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wished. To die to sleep -
To sleep! Perchance to dream! Ay, there\'s the rub
For in that sleep of death what dreams may comes,
When we have shuflled off this mortal coil
Must give pause - there\'s the respect
That makes calimity of so long life.
4. The Enlightment.
The history of England and second part of the 17\'th centure, and during
the 18\'th centure was marked by British colonial, expression and struggle
for the leading role in cowers. The writters and philosofists of this age
protested against the sovivals of feodalizm in thich they saw the main
evil of this time. Man they thought was vertains by nature and wise was
duty ignorence to they started a pubic movement for enlighting the people.
This movement was called “the enlightment”. The enlighters belived in the
power of reason and the period was also called “the age of reason”. This
period saw a remarkable rise in literature. English literature of this
period may be characterise by the following features: 1.The rise of the
political pamphlets and issue. The novell became the leading genre. 2. The
prose style became clever gracefull and polished. 3. The hero of the
novell was no longer a prince but a representative of the middle class. 4.
Literature became very instructive.
The literature of this age may be divided into 3 periods:
The 1\'st period is caracterised by classisizm in poetry. The greatest
follower of the classical style was Alexander Pope. There appeared the
first realistic novels written by Defoe and Swift.
The 2\'nd peiod saw the development of the realistic social novel,
represen-tive by Richardson, Fielding and others.
The 3\'rd period is marked by the appiriense of a new trends:
sentimenta-lizm. Typefed by the works of Goldsmith and Stern. This period
also saw the rise of the realistic drama (R. Sheridan).
DD was the founder of the realistic novel. He was also a brilliant
journa-list and in many ways the father of modern English periodicals. He
founded and paved the way for many magazines ( “The Revue”, “The
Spectator”).
DD was born in London, his father a butcher, was wealthy enough to give
his sone a good education. D was to become a prist, but it was his
cheariched desire to become wealthy. His wished was never fullfield. D was
banckrote several times. He was always in deep debt. The inly branch of
business in which he proved succesful was journalism and literature. When
D was about 23 he started writting pamphlets on question of the hour. He
started writting pamphlets prassing King William 3, who was supported by
the whig party. D wrote a setire in woth. No matter in whose defends his
brilliant pamphlets were written they are irony was so subtle, that the
enemy didn\'t understand it at first. But as soon as his enemy realised the
real character of the pamphlets D was sentensed to 7 years inprisonment.
It was a cruel punishment, and when the came for him to be set free people
carried him on their shoulders.. This was the climax of his political
career and the end of it. In 1719, he tried his hand at another kind of
literature - fiction, and wrote the novel he is now best known: “Robison
Crusoe”. After the book was published, D became famous and rich and was
able to pay his creditors in full. Other novels which D were also very
much talked about during his lifetime, but we do not hear much about them
now. For example “Captain Singleton”(1720), “Moll Flanders”(1722).
6. Robinson Crusoe.
Books about voyages and new discoveries were very popular in the first
quater of the 18\'th centure and many stories of this then had been written
but while Defoe was busy with politics he didn\'t think of also trying his
hand at it. However one story in in Steel magasine attracted his
attention.
It was about Scotish sailor, who lived quite alone 4 years and 4 month on
a desert island. Defoe\'s hero, R.C., however spend 26 years on a desert
island. The novel was a prase tohuman labour and the triumph the men over
the nature. Labour and fortitude help Robinson to endure hardships. They
save him from dispair. The very process of hardwork gives his
satisfaction. R\'s most characteristic tract is his optimism. His guiding
prencipal in life was: “never said die” and “in trouble to be troubles is
to have your trouble double.”
(1667-1745)
JS was the greatest of English satiriste. His better satire at the
contempro-rary social order in jeneral and an the policy of English
government towards in particular. That\'s why the Irish people considered
Swift the champion in the struggle for the wealthy and freedom of their
country.
JS was born in Dublin, but he came from English family. His father died at
the age of 25, liaving his wife and daughter penuiless. His son was born
seven month later after his death. The boy knew little of his mother
chearch. He hardly ever saw her, during his childhood. J was supported by
his uncle Godwin. At the age of 6 he was send to school, which he left at
14. When he entered a college in Dublin and got his bacheloris degree in
1686.
8. Gulliver\'s Travels.
In 1726 Swift\'s masterpiece “Gulliver\'s Travels” appeared. This work made
a great sensation in Ireland as well as in England, it equally strirred
the interests of those in politics as well as the readers of novels.
In this work Swift intended to satirise the evils of the existing society
in the form of fictions travels. It tells of the adventures of ship
surgeon, as related by himself and divided into four parts of four
voyages:
1. A voyage to Liliput.
2. A voyage to Brobdignag.
3. A voyage to Laputa.
4. A voyage to the country of Houyhnhnms.
1. The first voyage was to a strange country Lilliput. As the result of a
shipwreck Gulliver finds himself in a country, inhabited by a race of
people about six inches high. Everything else in this country is on a
correspondent scale. Swift meant this small country with it\'s shallow
interest, corrupted laws and evil customs to symbolize the England of the
18\'th centure, the court with it\'s atmosphere of hostility, hypocrizy and
flattery where the author felt as lonely as his hero when among the
liliputians.
2. Before long Gulliver undertakes another voyage. The ship anchors near
the land of the giants to take in a supply of water. While on shore
Gulliver is captured by the giants. They are good-natured creatures and
treat Gulliver kindly, though they are amused by his small size and look
upon him as a plaything.
Brobdingnag is an expression of Swift\'s desire to find the ideal and
escape from the disgusting world of the Liliputians. The author idealizes
an agricultural country ruled by ideal monarch. Swift creates such a
monarch in the king of Brobdingnag. He is clever, honest and kind to his
people. He hates wars and wants to make his people happy.
3. The third voyage is to Laputa, a flying island Laputa. Swift\'s
imagination the bitterness of his satire reach their climax in the third
part where he shows the academy of sciences in Laputa (the author touches
upon all the existing sciences). It is easy enough to understand that in
ridiculing the academy of Laputa. Swift ridicults the scientists of the
18\'th century. The scientists are shut in their chambers isolated from all
the world.
3. In the 4\'th part Swift describes Gulliver\'s adventures at the
Heuyhnhnms - a ideal land where were is neither sickness, dishonesty, non
any of the frivo-lities of human scociety. The human race ocupies a
position of servility there and a noble race of horces rules the country
by reason and justice.
“Gulliver\'s travels was one of the greatest works of the period of the
Enlightment in world literature. Swift\'s democratic ideas expressed in the
book had a great influence on the English writers who came after Swift.
RB is the national poet of Scotland. Every year on his bithday scotsmen
all over the world gather together for a traditional celebration in which
his memory is glorified,his poems are recited and his song are sung. Burns
poetry is loved and enjoied by all his countrymen. They love Burns for the
generosity and kindness of his nature, for his patriotism and
truthfulness. In his poems he sang the pride and dignity of the Scotish
peasantry.
Burns sang the beauty and the glory of his native land. He gloryfield true
love and friendship.
Burns was born in Alloway, near Ayr, on the 25 of January, 1759. His
father was a hard-working man and he took great trouble to give his family
all the education he could.
When Robert was 6, he was send to a school at Alloway Miln. Robert were
given a good knowledge of English.
For some years Burns worked on the family farm. They lived very poor.
Burns wrote his first poem at the age of 14. And from then till his death
his poems and songs came out, giving delight and joy to the himself, his
countrymen and all the world around. Burns worked with his father and
brothers. The death of his father in 1784 left Burns free to chose his own
kind of life, but it also gave him new resposobilities as head of the
family. As a farmer he was unsuccessful and moved to other place - Burns
published his poems in Kilmarnock in 1786. The success was great.
Burns wrote many poems and songs. After a short illness he died on 21\'st
July, 1796. Millions of people all over the world highly esteem and love
Burns poems.
S. Marshak, a great soviet poet, brought Burns to russian people throught
his fine translate.
My Heart\'s in the Highlands.
My heart\'s in the Highlands, my heart is not here;
My heart\'s in the Highkands, a chasing the deer;
A-chasing the wild deer, and following the roe -
My heart in the Highlands wherever I go.
Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North,
The birthplace of valour, the country of worth:
Wherever I wander, wherever I rove,
The hills of the Highlands for ever I love.
Farewell to the mountains high cover\'d with snow;
Farewell to the straths and green valleys below;
Farewell to the forests and wild-handing woods;
Farewell to the torrents and loud pouring floods.
