МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
КАМЫШИНСКИЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ
ФИЛИАЛ
ВОЛГОГРАДСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО
ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА
КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ
РЕФЕРАТ
По дисциплине: Английский язык
на тему:
«Экономические отношения между Россией и Казахстаном»
ВЫПОЛНИЛ:
СТУДЕНТ ГРУППЫ КБА-031 (СВ)
Ефимова Ю.Е.
ПРОВЕРИЛ:САЛИН Б.С.
г. Камышин
2004 г.
Contents
1. THE RUSSIAN-KAZAKHSTAN RATIOS AT THE PRESENT STAGE.
2. Mutual Trade.
3. Cooperating in oil gas and power sphere.
4. Cooperating in sphere of transport and communications.
LIST OF USED SOURSES
In a context of events, which have taken place in region after
September 11, the role of Russia in Central Asia a little has varied, as
well as all has varied geopolitical formulated in region last years.
In these conditions of one of important external policies of tasks of
Kazakhstan is the adjusting of tactics and strategy in ratios with Russia,
which would correspond by modern geopolitical realities and long-term
interests of our country.
Central Asia and Caspian Sea go into a region of traditional interests
of Russia.
In this region it always had the important national interests, which,
however, in different periods were defined by different circumstances and
factors.
The key interests of Russia in this region at the present stage can be
reduced to the following.
Central Asia has the important value in a safety of Russia.
The importance of this region for Russia is stipulated not oil but the
factor implying from desire to save influence on Caspian Sea;
Kazakhstan region is of interest for Russia territory, where its
compatriots live. Are those, on our sight three dominating interest of
Russian Federation, dominating, Caspian – Central Asia region at the
present stage. It in this region has also other interests trade, cosmotron
of “Baikonur”, industrial communications etc. but now in basic they carry
not so priority character.
Until recently Russia ensured above-mentioned interests without the
special efforts. All countries of region in the majority were that or are
otherwise dependent on Russian Federation. But the events, which have
occurred after September of the last year, have brought in serious enough
variations to a geopolitical situation in Central Asia and have affected on
common position of forces in region.
One of the occurred key variations consists in that the break in
sphere of traditional vital interests of Russia is watched which today
faces to necessity Central Asia of policy.
As a whole by 2001 in Central Asia the private tripartite balance
between interests of Russia, China, USA was folded.
The given balance can figuratively be presented as a triangle, in
which upper corner Russia, in one lower corner - USA, in the friend - China
settled down. These countries have occupied three strategic niches in
Caspian – Central Asia region: military-political, oil and gas, commodity-
raw.
The Russian presence at region last years was ensured, first of all,
with strategic military-political component. A peaking of a problem
extremism and the terrorisms in Central Asia, activation Islamic of driving
of Uzbekistan, irreconcilable part of Integrated Tadjik opposition at
immediate support Talib have established in 1999 - 2001 real threat for the
countries of region.
In these conditions only Russia was considered by the states of region
as the real factor of safety. It is enough to recollect, that these years
intensive two-sided ratios in military and military-engineering sphere were
especially made active.
Thus, USA has occupied oil and gases niche in the region, and Russia
and China by virtue of economic circumstances could not compete with it in
this direction.
In this geopolitical triangle Russia all the same occupied a little
bit dominating positions. This majoring in many respects was determined by
strategic military-political component, which role in the international
ratios is traditionally high.
In a context of a common global situation Russia forced to be
reconciled with a determination of military basses of USA in region of its
traditional interests.
Taking into account all these circumstances, Russia faces to necessity
of the policy in Central Asia. The further prolongation above-mentioned
tendencies will have painful enough consequences for it.
Despite of some variation of a role of Russia in Central Asia, for
Kazakhstan the strategic interests in a ratio of Russia continue to be
saved.
The necessity of activation of ratios with Russia and holding of
constructive cooperating on much important directions for Kazakhstan is
dictated as well by that in case of essential weakening of Russia in
Central Asia it will be fraught with negative consequences. The situation
in region can become unstable and badly forecast.
In the whole traditional interests of Kazakhstan in a ratio of Russia
are founded on four factors having long-time character.
First, the maintenance partner of ratios with Russia is necessary
valid intercontinental of an arrangement of Kazakhstan, for which the exit
on the world market is vital for an economic development. Russia in this
respect occupies the strategically important position; being by the state,
on which region pass vital strategy of transport and communication.
Secondly, Russia is one of the important subjects of the international
system, having significant political weight and rather large military-
engineering opportunities. The Russian factor in many respects determines
external policy in a situation around of Kazakhstan, both on regional, and
at the international level.
Thirdly, Russia is the major economic partner Republic of Kazakhstan.
It not only imports different production and techniques to Kazakhstan, but
also is the market of selling of Kazakhstan production. About 70 % of
Kazakhstan industrial potential is involved on economy.
In - fourth, both states are combined with a historical generality,
spiritual and cultural links. In region of Russia the man is Kazakh
Diasporas including 740 thousand. In Kazakhstan Russians are second on
number ethnic group, making about 30 percents of the population of the
country.
In this context the Russian direction of exterior policy of Kazakhstan
remains to one of priority and strategic.
As a whole at the present stage in the Russian-Kazakhstan ratios the
following most priority and perspective directions of cooperating are
meant:
• Mutual trade.
• Interaction in oil and gas and power sphere.
• Cooperating in sphere of transport and communications.
• Cooperating in sphere of safety.
The interests of both countries are answered with magnifying of mutual
trade. Russian Federation traditionally occupies the first place among the
basic trade partners of Kazakhstan both on export, and on import.
It is necessary to mark, that last years the growth of a share of
Russian Federation in import and reduction in export is watched. The
specific gravity of Russia in total amount of the Kazakhstan export is
sequentially reduced and is augmented in import. Within several last
years Kazakhstan has negative trade balance with Russian Federation.
Considering structure of export and import on groups of the commodity
spectrum, it is possible to select the following characteristic features.
Export. Structure of export Republic of Kazakhstan in Russian
Federation for the last few years has varied, the separate commodity
groups have occupied a leading position.
Now on four commodity groups (fuel mineral, oil and petroleum; products of
inorganic chemistry; grain bread and ores) are necessary about 80 % of the
Kazakhstan export in Russia, whereas in 1994 on the pointed groups it was
necessary 53,3 %. In 2001 as contrasted to 2000 the separate outbound
delivering tended to lowering, so, for example, the specific gravity of
export of a grain was reduced from 12 % up to 6 %; the export of products
of inorganic chemistry was reduced from 14 % up to 13 %. Certainly, on
lowering of export in Russia renders influence a variance between the in-
house prices and prices of outbound delivering.
At the same time it is necessary to mark, that the reduction of export
has taken place not on all basic groups of the commodity spectrum. The
specific gravity of export of ore has increased from 8 % up to 10 % and
export of fuel from 46 % up to 47 %.
Import Republic of Kazakhstan goes into first five of the countries of
the basic trade partners of Russia in import. The specific gravity of
import of Russia has increased in total amount of the Kazakhstan import
from 36,7 % per 1999 up to 45,4 % per 2001. There were insignificant
variations in groups of imported commodity production. So, the volumes of
import were reduced
The analysis of export and import displays, that in structure of
import as against export there is no predominance of separate commodity
groups at the same time a specific gravity of articles of food, products of
processing ready articles grows.
From 89 regions of Russian Federation 72 have trade - economic links
with Republic of Kazakhstan.
Feature of transport -geographical interregional links of regions of
Russia with Kazakhstan is the directedness mutual goods traffic primarily
with Ural, Western and East Siberia, and also with Moscow and Moscow
region.
The important place in the Russia -Kazakhstan links occupies frontier
cooperating, on which share it is necessary 71,5 % from common commodity
circulation. In export of many frontier subjects of Federation significant
volume is necessary on production of a petrochemical industry.
The significant experience of mutual economic cooperating with frontier
regions of Kazakhstan accumulated in the Orenburg region, and also Pavlodar
region of Kazakhstan with frontier regions of Russia. Now 18 % of the
Orenburg export and more than 40 % of import have on Kazakhstan.
As a whole before Kazakhstan in mutual trade with Russia there is a
series of perspective tasks, which decision will influence definitely on a
common economic situation in the country.
One of the important tasks is the variation of trade balance of
Kazakhstan and Russian Federation from negative in positive. Besides the
gradual variation of structure commodity circulation in favorable for
Republic of Kazakhstan direction is desirable.
Radiating from interests of two states, it is expedient in the nearest
perspective to consider a complex of measures on hardening links of
frontier regions. The necessity of creation of legal fundamentals of a
development of frontier regions does not call doubts. On our sight, it is
necessary to speed up development of the defining laws. Among them there
are Laws About state support of a socio economic development of frontier
territories of Republic of Kazakhstan, About free economic regions, About
frontier trade.
Obvious presence of potential and mutually advantageous opportunities
of Russia and Kazakhstan also is of use of the optimum shapes of
specialization, density of the industrial and financial capital, use of
effective financial instruments, architecture of optimum commodity,
financial and transport streams. In this connection special urgency in a
development Kazakhstan – Russia links was got with problems of a
synchronization of legislative and normative basis of the countries.
Not less important the coordinated marketing strategy of Kazakhstan and
Russia in the international markets is represented, where the saving and
hardening of common positions is quite possible. The priority direction
represents perfecting the organizational shapes of activity Kazakhstan and
Russian suppliers in the world markets. They can become cartel of the
agreement.
The given direction of cooperating between two countries is one of
perspective. The structure of the Kazakhstan export of oil on the countries
in 2001 is characterized by lowering of a share of delivering in the
countries of CIS (17 %) and expansion of geography of export of oil in the
cities of foreign countries (83 %).
The indexes of export of petroleum in 2001 essentially have varied as
contrasted to 2000. Alongside with export Kazakhstan realizes import of
petroleum. And 98 % of all imported volumes of petroleum are necessary on
Russian Federation.
Kazakhstan more than 50 % depends on Russia in a ratio of delivering of
crude oil on refinery factory in Shimkent and Pavlodar which receive west
Siberian oil on the manifold from Omsk. Pavlodar refinery factory on 100 %
depends on west Siberian oil.
Its technological dependence on Russia falls into basic problems
Pavlodar refinery factory: the production cycle of the enterprise is
calculated for consumption west Siberian oil with the low contents of
sulphur and paraffin. The perspective flagship of the Kazakhstan oil
processing is complicated with its neighborhood with the Russian factories
- competitors:
Omsk, Ufa, Volgograd refinery factories, they have stable access to
crude oil, besides on reduced prices.
The cooperating in oil and gas branch explicates also through link of
share development of the Kazakhstan deposits. Russia in the projects on
natural resources users in region of Republic of Kazakhstan.
The large interest in relation to Kazakhstan is expressed with the large
oil Russian company “Yokus” which has received a section for developments
in Russia and region of Kazakhstan.
Since 2000 the electric power system of Kazakhstan works in a parallel
condition from European Economic Community of Russia and grid system of the
countries of Central Asia.
The parallel operation of electric power systems considerably has
boosted quality of electrical power and reliability of electro supply of
consumers of Kazakhstan, Central Asia and Russian Federation, and also has
allowed operatively to realize surplus of electricity and transit of
electrical power, it is more rational to use power powers of electrical
stations. The electric power system of Kazakhstan and Russian Academy of
Science, European Economic Comminity of Russia are called secure each other
in case of crashes.
In the whole cooperating of Kazakhstan and Russia in fuel and energy
sphere has noticeable perspectives.
The major factor of a development of the power market is the deepening
of cooperating in the field of scientific researches and developments of
advanced techniques in manufacture of power, electro technical equipment.
Now all aspects of equipment for power stations are made in Russia. With
disintegration of Union economic links between the manufacturers and
consumers of a utilities, equipment considerably have worsened, that is
negatively reflected in availability index of product of power complexes of
the country. On this question it is expedient except of concrete measures
at a level of Government.
Cooperating in sphere of transport and communications one of the most
perspective regions of a development of two-sided ratios between Kazakhstan
and Russia. Both states in a context of a development of transport
cooperating have a strategic value for each other, as, apart from a wide
national transport web, occupy defining a geographical position.
Kazakhstan and Russia are closely coupled by the transport
communications. In this connection, Kazakhstan is sensitive reacting to any
variations under the tariffs for freight traffic on region of Russia.
One of key questions here - transportation of oil and gas through
region of Russia. In the aggregate transportation of the Caspian oil and in
the whole oil is one of the major sides of the Russia -Kazakhstan
cooperating.
In a period from 1995 till 1999 Russia gave Kazakhstan such quota,
which did not allow the Kazakhstan exporters to involve the algorithm
manifold Atyrau – Samara on an apparent watts its annual channel capacity
in 10,5 mln of tons of oil. And only in 1999 the algorithm manifold was
loaded almost on 100 %. The agreement on magnifying of a quota at transit
of oil in long-distance foreign countries at first up to 5 mln of tons
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