Кубанский государственный аграрный университет
Кафедра иностранных языков
Реферат
на тему:
«Replacement Housing.»
(«Помещения для ремонтного молодняка»)
Подготовил: студент группы СТ-21
Деревенец Ф. Н.
Краснодар, 1998
Contents
Management factors. Affecting design 4
Facility management 5
Herd size and makeup 5
Management groups 6
Resting space 7
Feeding and watering space 7
Handling and treatment facilities 8
Prep room 8
Feed and bedding storage 8
Cold housing 11
Warm housing 11
Calf housing (up to weaning) 11
Hutches in Cold Housing 12
Hutch management 13
Individual Pen in Cold Housing 13
Individual Stall in Warm Housing 13
Transition housing (3-5 months) 15
Calf Shelter or Super Hutch 17
Transition Barn 17
Calf Barn 18
Heifer housing (6-24 months) 19
Freestall Housing 20
Two-row freestall barn 20
Two-row graduated freestall barn 21
Two-row gated freestall 22
Drive-through gated freestall 24
Bedded Pack 24
Counter-sloped barn 24
Optional outside lots 25
Факторы управления. Воздействие на проект. 27
Средства управления 28
Размеры и структура стада. 28
Управление группами 30
Помещения для отдыха 31
Пространство для кормления 31
Обработка и средства обработки 32
Подготовительное помещение 32
Хранение корма и подстилок 32
Холодное помещение 34
Теплое помещение 35
Помещения для телят (вплоть до отлучения) 36
Клетки в холодном помещении 36
Управление клетками 36
Индивидуальные загоны в холодном помещении 37
Индивидуальное стойло в теплом помещении 37
Переходное помещение (3-5 месяцев) 39
Укрытие для теленка или первоклассная клетка 41
Переходный сарай 42
Сарай для телят 44
Помещение для нетелей (6-24 месяцев) 44
Боксовые помещения 45
Двухрядный боксовый сарай 45
Двухрядный дифференцированный боксовый сарай 46
Двухрядный закрываемый бокс 47
Сквозной закрываемый бокс 48
Подстилочный узел 48
Встречно-наклонный сарай 49
Дополнительный внешний участок 51
As replacement heifers grow, their needs change. This includes a change
in needed physical environment. When a heifer is young, it is physically
separated from other animals to minimize the risk of disease. As it grows,
it is grouped with other animals to increase resistance to disease and
prepare the animal for the breeding herd. Eventually the animal enters the
breeding herd and finally the milking herd.
Each stage of production requires housing to meet the physical needs of
the animal.
Management factors. Affecting design
House replacement animals in separate facilities away from the milking
herd to foster a healthy environment for each group. Well-designed and
properly-managed replacement animal housing allows the ability to adopt the
best management practices currently recommended. Plan space, equipment,
environment, rations and care to meet the needs of each group. Manage
replacements in groups according to their specific requirements. Facility
design should allow for easy implementation of the management plan for each
group. When planning replacement animal housing, provide:
> Adequate resting and exercise space.
> Covered, dry and draft-free resting area.
> Good quality fresh air.
> Adequate space for feed and water.
> Space to group animals by size or age.
> Clean lots to maintain sanitary conditions.
> Isolation area for sick animals.
> Observation area for animals.
> Treatment facilities.
> Space for handling and restraint of animals.
Poorly planned or improperly managed animal housing increases the risk
of disease or injury. High humidities are especially detrimental to animal
health. Pneumonia, scours and other diseases can permanently damage vital
body organs and reduce milk producing potential of an animal. Calves and
heifers raised in a poor environment may never reach their full genetic
potential for milk production.
Facility management
For healthy, high producing replacement animals, provide high quality
housing and a management plan that addresses animals' needs. Good
management, understanding what to do and then doing it on schedule, is
important to the success of any housing system. Sanitation, stall
maintenance, bedding, ventilation control, feeding, herd health, treatment
and close observation are all important management practices. Young animals
may need training and/or time to get accustomed to using freestalls. Daily
or routine chores such as feeding, stall maintenance or manure removal
should be made as convenient as possible to make sure they are accomplished
in a timely manner.
Herd size and makeup
Herd size can mean either the number of cows actually milking or mature
cows both dry and milking. In this handbook, the herd size is the number of
mature cows.
Typical herd makeup, assuming uniform calving year-round, is given in
Table 1. The numbers in the table reflect no culling of heifers or calves.
Use this table to determine housing needed for each management group.
Provide:
> Calf housing (0-2 months).
> Transition housing (3-5 months).
> Heifer housing:
V 6-8 months
V 9-12 months
V 13-15 months (breeding age)
V 16-24 months
The number of replacement animals to be housed depends on the number of
milking cows and bred heifers. As herd size increases, so does number of
replacements. Increasing herd size without expanding facilities for
replacements results in crowding which can increase injury, disease
transmission, and lower growth rates.
Table 1. Typical management categories of a herd.[1]
This table is only a management guideline. These are categories and not
group size
|Herd size = total cows |75 |100 |250 |400 |
|Calves and heifers |75 |100 |250 |400 |
|0-2 months, 150 lb |6 |8 |20 |32 |
|3-5 months, 250 lb |9 |12 |30 |48 |
|6-8 months, 400 lb |9 |12 |30 |48 |
|9-12 months, 600 lb |14 |18 |45 |72 |
|13-15 months, 800 lb |9 |12 |30 |48 |
|16-24 months, 1,000 lb |29 |38 |95 |152 |
|Dry cows |13 |17 |43 |68 |
|Transition (first 4-14 days) |0-4 |1-5 |4-9 |5-16 |
|Next 40 days |8-9 |11-12 |28-30 |45-48 |
|(Divide in 2 groups) | | | | |
|Close-up |2-5 |3-6 |8-15 |16-24 |
|(2-3 weeks prepartum) | | | | |
|Maternity (individual pens) |3-5 |4-6 |10-16 |16-24 |
|Fresh cows |1-3 |1-4 |3-10 |4-12 |
|(from 0-7 days postpartum) | | | | |
|Two-years-old (305 days)[2] |18-24 |26-30 |65-75 |104-120 |
|Three years and older (305 |44 |58 |145 |232 |
|days) b |15-18 |20-24 |50-60 |80-96 |
|High producers | | | | |
|(120 days or less) |12-15 |16-20 |40-50 |60-72 |
|Medium producers |12-15 |16-20 |40-50 |60-72 |
|Low producers | | | | |
|Sick cows |0-4 |0-5 |0-13 |0-20 |
Management groups
Separating replacement animals into groups according to age, size or
special management needs allows each group to be treated according to its
needs. Plan building space and layout for these groups of animals using
Tables 2 and 3. More than one group can be housed in the same building, but
allow for managing each group separately. In larger herds, separate
facilities may be provided for each group. Some of the benefits of managing
animals in groups are:
> Healthier animals by minimizing the risk of transmitting disease to
younger animals.
> Good feed efficiency by reducing competition for feed.
> Calving at proper weight and size at 24 months.
> Feed handling ease, and proper diets according to age.
> Manure handling ease.
> Animal observation and handling ease for breeding, treatment and
grouping.
> Proper ventilation and environment.
> Proper resting space or freestall size.
Space requirements for a particular operation depend on the housing
system chosen and how replacements move from the resting area to feed and
to water and back again. Herd size and makeup are guides to estimating the
space needed for resting, but alley size, water space and bunk space must
also be considered to accommodate the animals and provide an animal
friendly environment.
Provide separate areas for resting and feeding. Feeding in resting
areas increases manure accumulation and more bedding is required to keep
animals clean and dry.
Resting space
Adequate resting space for management groups is a key factor in
efficient growth. Required space for different housing alternatives
including bedded resting areas, self-cleaning resting areas (solid, sloped
floors) and freestalls are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
Feeding and watering space
Provide adequate feeding space, so young stock do not have to compete
for feed. Optimum feeding space varies with type of feed, feeding schedule
and animal size, Fig 1 and Tables 5 and 6.
Water is essential at all times. Provide at least one watering space
per 20 animals. Dairy heifers need 1-1,5 gal of water daily per 100 lb body
weight. Select waterers that are easy to clean; protect them from freezing.
Locate waterers on elevated curbs and in a location that allows easy manure
removal around them. Adjust waterer height to allow small animal access.
Handling and treatment facilities
Animal treatment areas are a necessary part of the replacement housing
system. Vaccinations, artificial insemination, pregnancy checking,
deworming, dehorning and examinations are done easily and safely for
animals and workers when animals can be separated and restrained easily.
Equipment that eases labor and saves time in handling animals are:
> Scales.
> Self-locking feed stanchions.
> Gating/fencing.
> Squeeze chute/breeding chute.
Prep room
Locate a work room near calf housing for feed storage, a
refrigerator/freezer, hot water heater, cleaning sink, health records and
supplies. This area can be used to prepare milk replacer and clean feeding
equipment.
Feed and bedding storage
Store bedding and feed in the building or nearby. Reduce daily hauling
and feeding time by storing a one to two weeks supply. Storage space
depends on animal density, feeding frequency and feed availability.
Table 2. Calf and transition housing.
|Housing type |Pen size |
|0—2 months (individual pens) | |
|Calf hutch (plus 4'x6' outdoor run) |4'x8' |
|Bedded pen |4'x7' |
|Tie stall (warm housing only) |2'x4' |
|3-5 months (groups up to 6 head) | |
|Super calf hutch |25-30 ft2/hd |
|Bedded pen |25-30 ft2/hd |
Table 3. Replacement heifer resting area space requirements.
|Age, months |Weight, lb |Self-cleanin|Bedded |Slotted |Paved |
| | |g resting |resting |floor, ft2 |outside lot,|
| | |area[3],ft2 |area[4], ft2| |ft2 |
|0-2[5] |100-190 |Do not use |32 (4'x8' |Do not use |Do not use |
| | | |hutch) | | |
|3-5 |190-350 |Do not use |28(4'x7' |Do not use |Do not use |
|6-8 |350-500 |10 |pen) |12 |35 |
|9-12 |500-650 |12 |28 |13 |40 |
|13-15 |650-800 |15 |25 |17 |45 |
|16-24 |800-1,200 |18[6] |28 |25 |50 |
|Dry cow |> 1,300 |20d |32 |35 |55 |
| | | |40 | | |
| | | |50 | | |
Table 4. Heifer freestall dimensions.
Stall width measured o. c. of 2" pipe stall dividers.
Stall length measured from alley side of curb to front of stall.
|Age, months |Weight, lb |Freestall size |Neck rail |
| | |Width, in |Length, in |Height above|Distance |
| | | | |stall bed, |from back |
| | | | |in |curb, in |
|6-8 |350-500 |30 |60 |28 |46 |
|9-12 |500-650 |33 |64 |30 |49 |
|13-15 |650-800 |37 |72 |34 |57 |
|16-24 |800-1,200 |42 |78 |37 |62 |
|Dry cow |> 1,300 |45 |84 |40 |66 |
Table 5. Suggested dimensions for post and rail feeding fences.
|Age, months |Weight, lb |Throat height, in |Neck rail height, |
| | | |in |
|6-8[7] |360-490 |14 |28 |
|9-12 |490-650 |16 |30 |
|13-15 |650-780 |17 |34 |
|16-24 |780-1,200 |19 |41 |
|Cows |1,200-1,500 |21 |48 |
Table 6. Feed space requirements.
|Type |Age, months |Mature |
| | |cow |
| |3-4 |5-8 |9-12 |13-15 |16-24 | |
| |in/animal |
|Self feeder | | | | | | |
|Hay or silage |4 |4 |5 |6 |6 |6 |
|Mixed ration or grain |12 |12 |15 |18 |18 |18 |
|Once-a-day feeding | | | | | | |
|Hay, silage, or ration |12 |18 |22 |26 |26 |26-30 |
Cold housing
Cold housing is the recommended system for raising replacement animals.
Cold housing building systems provide a dry and draft-free environment in
winter, and wind ventilation and shade in summer. The building is usually
uninsulated and has natural ventilation designed as an integral part of the
building. Indoor temperature follows outside temperature very closely.
Advantages of a cold housing are:
> Less expensive to build.
> Less expensive to ventilate and heat.
> Better disease control.
> During cold weather, disadvantages of a cold housing are:
> Freezing can make manure handling difficult.
> Waterers must be protected from freezing.
> Frostbite of calves ears may be a problem.
> Increased feed required to maintain body heat.
Warm housing
A warm housing system is less desirable for raising replacements.
Typically environmentally controlled systems are improperly managed
resulting in health and growth problems. The buildings are typically
insulated heavily and a controlled mechanical ventilation system delivers
fresh outside air. Properly designed inlets allow fresh outside air to be
evenly distributed throughout the entire structure.
Design mechanical ventilation systems in calf barns to provide minimum
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