bitter-ender 1. стойкий, принципиальный человек (+), 2. упрямец (-).
Основными типами модификации оценочной семы метафоры являются окказиональная мелиорация пейоративов и пейорация мелиоративов, что в современной лингвистике носит название энантиосемия (от греч. En – «в», anti – «против», sema – «знак»). Полиассоциативность восприятия привела к возможности рассмотрения какого-либо свойства как в положительном, так и отрицательном смысле.
Энантиосемия является совершенно особым аксиологическим механизмом коммуникации: она отражает единство противоположных, но связанных между собой оценок, их взаимопереход, способность сменять друг друга. В случаях энантиосемии тот или иной знак оценки под влиянием контекста меняется на противоположный, т.е. смена оценочного знака происходит как в направлении пейорации, так и мелиорации.
Значительную роль в возникновении энантиосемии играет ироническое словоупотребление, например:
dabster 1. знаток, специалист (+),
2. неумелый работник, «сапожник», неумеха (-);
book-learned 1. начитанный человек (+),
2. оторванный от жизни (-).
Следует признать ведущую роль эмоций и ассоциаций в оценочной переориентации метафоры. В метафоре происходит семантический сдвиг, связанный с трансформацией эмоциональной оценки. На передний план выступает мотивация смены оценочного знака метафоры – эмоциональное отношение говорящего к объекту оценки. Специфика оценочного компонента значения энантиосемической метафоры состоит в том, что модификация оценочного знака служит цели интенсификации оценочного компонента значения в семантике метафоры. Так, слово «dabster», употребляемое говорящим в качестве высокой похвалы, в ироническом смысле приобретает интенсифицированную пейоративную оценочность.
Сущность метафорической энантиосемии заключается в отклонении от аксиологических стандартов путем различных языковых приемов, например, иронического или саркастического употребления метафор, создающих экспрессию всего оценочного высказывания. Модификация оценочного знака основана на «конфликте» оценочного компонента метафоры с оценочным смыслом контекста, выражающего иронию, сарказм, восхищение. Обращение к коммуникативной ситуации позволяет правильно интерпретировать оценочный характер высказывания в целом и оценочный знак метафоры в частности.
В разговорной речи для выражения положительной эмоциональной реакции субъекта оценки наряду с оценочными существительными и прилагательными, ласкательными словами и т.п. широко используются пейоративные метафоры.
· She covered my face with kisses… You beautiful brute, she said. (4,28). (beautiful brute – «прекрасное чудовище»).
· She was really a good-natured old haversack. (42,67). (good-natured old haversack – «добродушная старая кошёлка»).
· Vesey looked around when Duke waved and said happily, “Hi, you old goat!” – grabbed his ear, pulled him down and whispered. (20,376). (goat – «козёл», «дурень»).
· It might be their last time together. Already he had half decided hat it had to be. He would free himself from this sweet enslavement. (25,118). (sweet enslavement – «сладостное рабство»).
· No, Bill, I shall not parachute into Wembley Stadium holding the book in one hand and a microphone in the other. Nor shall I compete with the station announcer by bawling my verses at the Waterloo commuters. The poor devils are only trying to catch their trains. (25,12). (poor devil – «бедняга»).
· But he’s left the evidence. It’s all there, all laid out for us. Neat little devil, wasn’t he? (25,165). (neat little devil – «аккуратный дьяволенок»).
Энантиосемия в виде пейорации мелиоративов также встречается в речи.
· “A little bird”, he said archly. (29,176). (little bird – «мелкая сошка»).
· Poor lamb … he’s such a hell of a gentleman he doesn’t know what to do about it. (29,93). (hell of a gentleman – «чёртов дженльмен»).
· “I just want to thank you for being such a goddamn prince, that’s all,” I said it in this very sincere voice. (33,83). (goddamn prince – «чёртов принц»).
В устной речи модификация оценочного знака достигается особой интонацией – интонацией восхищения или интонацией сарказма (12,238). Метафорическая энантиосемия широко представлена в коллоквиальной сфере. В условиях непринужденного неофициального общения практически любое слово языка может при соответствующем употреблении стать энантиосемичным – приобрести противоположную оценку.
2.3. Основные структурные типы субстантивной метафоры.
С.М. Мезенин выделяет 3 структурных типа субстантивной метафоры: метафора-предложение, метафора-словосочетание и обособленная метафора (метафора-обращение).
Метафора-предложение.
В метафорах-предложениях метафоризирующую функцию выполняют все составляющие высказывания, что делает нереальной всю ситуацию в целом.
Sмет. – Vмет. – Oмет. или (S – V – O)мет.
Метафоры нейтральной оценки.
1. Stand still, man. You aren’t a jumping bean. (44,205).
2. Her reputation was a prison that she had built round herself. (29,185).
3. The idea is blowing through this state like a storm wind. (24,425).
4. She had acquired reputation of a perfectly virtuous woman, whom the tongue of scandal couldn’t touch. (29,185).
5. - You didn’t try to find out what was wrong with the car?
- There was no time to fuss about under the bonnet. (25,288).
6. - I still feel at home here…
- …It’s a stony soil in which to put down roots. (25,408). – «Я всё равно чувствую себя здесь как дома.» … «Но здесь каменистая почва, чтобы пускать корни.»
Метафоры отрицательной оценки (пейоративные метафоры).
1. A madman! Got a bee in his bonnet. (9,204).
Метафора-словосочетание.
Метафора-словосочетание объединяет как разнофункциональные (глагол и существительное, прилагательное и существительное), так и однофункциональные единицы (приложения, квазитождества, именные атрибутивные группы), где оба компонента выражены именами существительными. На основании выполняемой функции при рассмотрении сочетаемости сказуемого выделяются несколько типов:
1. Субъектная метафора Sмет. – V – (O):
1.That pill is coming to stay here. (18,93).
2. Anthony Martson, a young bull with no nerves and precious little brain. (9,210).
3. There was a surge of sound and the cat’s-eyes momentarily gleamed before, in a rush of wind, the car passed. (25,6). – Она услышала шум, сверкнули фары, мимо промчалась машина.
4. This time the door was open and a swathe of sunlight lay across the red-tiled floor. (25,22).
5. He had supposed … that the façade she presented to the power station of dedicated, humorless efficiency had been carefully constructed to conceal … more complex personality. (25,47).
6. … every spring a bright ribbon of daffodils strained and tossed in the March wind. (25,55).
7. She was … staring with him as the pool of light from torch shone down on that grotesque and mutilated face. (25,108).
8. And then, as the flaming ball rose from the sea, the gears of time slipped, went into reverse. (25,112). – Как только огненный шар поднялся из-за моря, колесо времени тронулось и закрутилось в обратную сторону.
9. The small bush of hair had been pushed under the upper lip, exposing the teeth, and giving the impression of a snarling rabbit. (25,147).
10. The pool of light from his torch shone on the … carpet of pine needles dusted with sand… (25,150).
11. With each gust the tongues of flame roared and hissed… (25,254).
12. She was heavily made up. Two moons of bright rouge adorned each cheek. (25,220).
1. “You know my door is always open.” “Open?” David laughed sarcastically. “If Christ himself came into this studio, those three harpies wouldn’t let him in to see you!” (6,286).
2. All I mean is that it’s conceivable – just barely – that some nut could have done this job to the girl with an axe and a saw. (3,102).
3. You fool, Roger, d’you think Cleopatra would have liked what that silly old donkey said of her? (29,188).
4. It appears that the young rip has been taking Julia to night clubs when she ought to have been in bed and asleep. (29,176).
5. … sometimes it seemed that every crack-brain in north-east Norfolk read the PANUP newsletter but that no one else did. (25,35). - … иногда казалось, что листовки общества, выступающего против атомных станций, читали только помешанные на этом, и больше никто.
6. “We’re trying to win over the locals, not antagonize them. Let it go before someone starts a fund to pay for his defense. One martyr on Larksoken headland is enough.” (25,50).
7. Of all murders serial killings were the most frustrating, the most difficult and the chanciest to solve, the investigation carried on under the strain of vociferous public demand that the terrifying unknown devil be caught and exorcized for ever. (25,62).
8. But the twins began quarrelling and she had to hurry upstairs to tell them it wouldn’t be long now, that they mustn’t come out until the witch had gone. (25,135). – Но близнецы начали ссориться и ей пришлось бежать наверх сказать, что им недолго осталось сидеть в комнате, что эта ведьма скоро уйдет.
9. The bastards had nearly got him in the end, but he had lived life on his own terms… (25,139).
10. There’s a hell of a lot we don’t know, but at least we know that. (25,163).
11. A clutch of chief constables would have been less formidable. (25,196). – Тиски начальников полиции не так страшны.
2. Объектная метафора (S) – V – Oмет (объект может быть как прямым, так и косвенным):
1. You hunt the fox here. (9,134). – Вы выслеживаете здесь лису.
2. She… concluded to cling her soft little claws to Carrie. (13,405).
3. His conduct after that is the conduct of a hunted animal. (9,148).
4. Well, I’ll tell you what I said to the little bird. (29,176).
5. … sky already flushed with the first gold of dawn… (25,111).
6. … a different, more insidious anxiety took over and she felt the first prickings of fear. (25,5.)
7. The door was already closing when he heard running footsteps, a cheerful shout and Manny Cummings leapt in, just avoiding the bite of steal. (25,9).
8. Here a right turn took him off the coastal road on to what was little more than a smoothly macadamed track bordered by water-filled ditches and fringed by a golden haze of reeds, their lumbered heads straining in the wind. (25,17).
9. … and steam from the almost constantly boiling kettle made the caravan a damp mist. (25,31).
10. She had a snub nose with a splatter of freckles. (25,32).
11. The wave retreated to leave its tenuous lip of foam. (25,37).
12. Why didn’t you at least try to resuscitate her, give her the kiss of life? (25,80).
13. He had lain in bed night after night drifting into sleep on a tide of euphoria. (25,110).
14. The door to the … room … where the twins slept was open and she passed through and stood for a moment looking down at the small humps closely curved together under the bedclothes… (25,128).
15. In the frail sunlight the surrounding trees were flushed with the first gold of autumn. (25,143).
16. The small bush of hair had been pushed under the upper lip, exposing the teeth, and giving the impression of a snarling rabbit. (25,147).
17. …and plastic sheeting laid over the path now lit by a string of over-head lights. (25,170). - …и пластиковое заграждение лежало на тропинке, освещенной сверху ниткой фонарей.
18. His mouth opened and she plugged in the teat of the bottle… (25,178).
19. Alex Mair, for all his assurance, … was only a man and if he had killed Hilary Robarts he would end up, as better men that he had done, looking at the sky through iron bars and watching the changing face of the sea only in his dreams. (25,195).
20. The ground with its mat of pine needles on the sand was unlikely to yield footprints… (25,148).
21. … watching the great ball of the sun rise out of the sea to stain the horizon and spread over the eastern sky the veins and arteries of the new day. (25,118).
22. I cannot work, to beg I am ashamed. Luckily the Lord has tempered the wind to his shorn lamb. (25,309). – Я не могу работать, попрошайничать мне стыдно. К счастью, Всевышний смягчился по отношению к своему бедному агнцу.
23. He stood over six foot tall and, with his pail freckled face and thatch of red hair… (25,360).
24. I pictured him desperately working on her, giving her the kiss of life, saw her eyes slowly open. (25,392).
25. She felt a prick of doubt. (25,133).
1. …and it’s not reasonable0for anybody to give up business for that freckled cat. (40,358).
2. They are a bunch of grubby little animals always mooning after you. (34,244).
3. I got up to the table, and there’s Caruso sitting with these 6 gorillas, see? (36,103).
4. Not that Mrs. Ascher had been afraid of him – a real tartar she could be when roused. (9,31).
5. How often I called him a silly copy-cat. (18,78).
6. Why should we have the disgrace of harboring such wretches?… Oh, I hate poor. At least, I hate those dirty, drunken, disreputable … pigs. (35,86).
7. When the girls named him an undeserving stigma was cast upon the noble family of swine. (22,180).
8. Dolly’s folks in Blue Mountain are nothing at all but the poorest white trash… (43,245). – Родня Долли в Блю Маунтин никто иначе, как самые последние белые бедняки…(из белого населения).
9. She had to ride with the two old wrinklies. (25,5).
10. He greeted his newest candidate for media fame with a mixture of dogged optimism and slight apprehension, as if knowing that he was faced with a hard nut to crack. (25,12).
11. As an exschoolmistress I should have thought she’d had her fill of children. (25,28). – Поработав директором школы, я бы подумала, что она сыта детьми.
12. Human beings need to find someone to blame both for their misery and for their guilt. Hilary Robarts makes a convenient scapegoat. (25,29).
13. - What home?
- Just a home, before the baby was born.”
- How long were you there?
- Two weeks. Two weeks too bloody many. Then I ran away and found a squat. (25,36).
14. … he was rather desperately keeping his attention on that slut Yvonne. (44,70).
15. I’ve married a tailor’s dummy. (29,60).
16. Soon he would smell the first sour tang of winter. (25,115).
17. You … made her life a bloody misery… (25,134).
18. The witch’s voice was cool. (25,135).
19. We’re going to be dealing with intelligent suspects. I don’t want a balls-up at the beginning of the case. (25,171).
20. It was the best thing I’ve ever done in my life and that bitch destroyed it. (25,191).
21. But would she have told him a lie which could be detected merely by consulting the telephone directory? Only if she were so confident of her dominance, of his enslavement to her. (25,251).
22. After the pathologist had left he had turned to the nearest PC and said: “For God’s sake, can’t we get this thing out of there?” (25,280). – После ухода патологоанатома он повернулся к ближайшему полицейскому и сказал: «Ради бога, разве нельзя убрать отсюда это (тело)?»
23. He could still react physically to the memory of it, feel the tightening of the stomach muscles, the hot serge of anger. … He should have looked the arrogant bastard in the face and spoken the truth, even if it had cost him his stripes. (25,280).
24. You’re obviously grubbing about for all the dirt you can find. I’d rather you had facts from me than rumours from other people. (25,296). – Похоже, вы откапываете всю грязь, какую найдете. Я бы предпочёл, чтобы вы получали информацию от меня, а не людские домыслы.
25. - Did she ever speak about the encounter, to you or to anyone else you know? …
- I think she regarded it as too valuable a piece of information to cast before the swine. (25,298).
26. With luck you can take a dozen or so poor sods with you, people who can cope with living, who don’t want to die. (25,366).
27. Rickards isn’t a brute. (25,385).
28. She could see Miss Mortimer’s mouth moving… She saw again those restless blobs of flesh… (25,395).
29. We’re calling her Stella Louise. Louise is after Susie’s mother. We may as well make the old trout happy. (25,397). – Мы назовем её Стелла-Луиза. Луиза – в честь матери Сьюзи. Заодно осчастливим старую клячу
Метафоры положительной оценки (мелиоративные метафоры).
1. Tom Hartigan sat down awkwardly and looked with some awe at what he called in his own mind “One of the big wigs”. (9,117). – Том Хартиган неуклюже сел и с трепетом посмотрел на человека, которого про себя он называл «большой парик».
2. There was something of the panther about him altogether. A beast of prey – pleasant to the eye. (9,173).
3. Hurstwood could not keep his eyes from Carrie. She seemed the one ray of sunshine. (13,277).
4. She renewed me, she made me a flower. (24,64).
5. As usual the American buyers got the plums of the collection. (5,98).
6. She is grand like royalty. I married a princess. (15,22).
7. As she drew nearer with quickening step she could see the swathe of long blond hair under a tight-fitting beret. (25, 6).
8. He was grateful when the door opened and Nora Gurney, the firm’s cookery editor, came briskly in, reminding him as always did of an intelligent insect. (25,14).
9. He had seen her a bright exotic flower. (25,32).
10. The stark overhead lights threw deep shadows under the deep-set eyes and the sweat glistened on the wide, rather knobbly forehead with its swathe of fair undisciplined hair. (25,45).
11. She … had a mane of fair hair beneath a tight-fitting beret. (25,72).
12. She slept always with her window open and would drift into sleep soothed by that distant murmur (of the sea). (25,107).
13. But lying there beside her, listening to the susurration of the tide and looking up at the sky through a haze of grasses he was filled … with an agreeable languor… (25,113).
14. “You’d think so, wouldn’t you? I’d like it, she’d like it, but there’s a little problem of Sue’s ma. She doesn’t want her ewe-lamb mixed up with any unpleasantness, particularly murder, and particularly just now. (25,257).
15. After tonight the kitchen might never be home to her again. (25,380).
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